to be 动词学习路线 · 第 5 步，共 8 步 · A1-A2 级
英语缩写（与 to be 动词）
英语缩写把两个词合并，用撇号代替一个或多个字母：I am → I'm，is not → isn't。它们在口语和非正式文本中很常见。最常用的是 to be 动词的缩写、带 not 的否定缩写，以及 will、would 和 have 的缩写。
to be 动词的缩写
什么是缩写，它们如何构成
撇号正好占据消失字母的位置。所以 is not 写成 isn't（o 消失），they are 写成 they're（a 消失）。知道少了哪些字母，你就永远不会把撇号放错位置。
| 完整形式 | 缩写 | 消失的字母 |
|---|---|---|
| I am | I'm | a |
| is not | isn't | o |
| they are | they're | a |
| we will | we'll | wi |
| I would | I'd | woul |
| you have | you've | ha |
to be 动词的缩写
这些是最先要掌握的，因为它们几乎出现在每一段对话里。这里是肯定形式和两种可能的否定形式。
| 主语 | 肯定 | 带 not 的否定 | 带 's / 're 的否定 |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | I'm | I'm not | — |
| you | you're | you aren't | you're not |
| he | he's | he isn't | he's not |
| she | she's | she isn't | she's not |
| it | it's | it isn't | it's not |
| we | we're | we aren't | we're not |
| they | they're | they aren't | they're not |
口语中它们也会与名词和疑问词缩写：My sister's a nurse、What's this?、Where's the station?、There's a problem。如果 am、is 和 are 的选择还很费力，请回到am、is 和 are；要用 to be 表示否定，请查看所有带缩写的否定形式.
英语的否定缩写
几乎所有助动词都能与 not 缩写成 n't。有三个特殊情况值得记住。
| 完整形式 | 缩写 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| do not / does not | don't / doesn't | She doesn't eat meat. |
| did not | didn't | We didn't see it. |
| was not / were not | wasn't / weren't | They weren't at home. |
| have not / has not | haven't / hasn't | I haven't finished. |
| cannot | can't | I can't swim. |
| could not / should not | couldn't / shouldn't | You shouldn't worry. |
| will not | won't | It won't rain. |
| must not | mustn't | You mustn't smoke here. |
Won't
Will not 的不规则缩写。Willn't 不存在。
Can't 和 cannot
完整形式写成一个词：cannot。缩写是 can't。
Aren't I?
在 I 的问句中用 aren't I?，因为标准英语不用 amn't。
其他常见缩写：'ll、'd、've 和 let's
| 缩写 | 来自 | 例句 | 翻译 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 'll | will | I'll call you later. | 我晚点给你打电话。 |
| 'd | would | I'd like a coffee. | 我想要一杯咖啡。 |
| 'd | had | She'd already left. | 她已经走了。 |
| 've | have | We've got a dog. | 我们有一只狗。 |
| 's | has | He's been to Paris. | 他去了巴黎。 |
| let's | let us | Let's go! | 我们走吧！ |
什么时候不用缩写
有四种情况必须或明显更适合用完整形式。
| 情况 | 正确写法 | 原因 |
|---|---|---|
| 肯定的简短回答 | Yes, I am. | 这里缩写是错误的：绝不写 Yes, I'm。 |
| 句末 | I don't know where she is. | 缩写不能结束句子：不写 where she's。 |
| 强调 | I AM listening! | 用完整形式并重读动词来强调。 |
| 正式文本 | We are pleased to inform you… | 在正式信函、报告和学术文本中，优先使用完整形式。 |
's 和 'd：如何判断它们代表哪个词
's = is
后面是形容词、名词、地点或 -ing 形式的动词。
She's tired.
她累了。
's = has
后面是过去分词或 got。
She's finished.
她完成了。
所有格 's
紧贴名词，后面跟另一个名词。
Anna's car.
安娜的车。
'd = would 或 had
后接动词原形时是 would；后接过去分词时是 had。
I'd go / I'd gone.
我会去 / 我已经去过。
书写时容易混淆的缩写：it's、you're、they're
它们和别的词发音相同，所以连母语者也常出错。如果能用完整形式替换，就要加撇号。
| 缩写 | 含义 | 易混淆的词 | 正确例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| it's | it is / it has | its它的 | It's cold. The dog wagged its tail. |
| you're | you are | your你的 | You're late. Is this your bag? |
| they're | they are | their / there他们的 / 那里 | They're here with their kids. |
| who's | who is / who has | whose谁的 | Who's that? Whose phone is this? |
| we're | we are | were / where曾是 / 哪里 | We're sure. Where were you? |
口语缩写：gonna、wanna、gotta 和 ain't
你会在剧集、歌曲和对话中听到它们，但它们不是标准缩写。要能听懂，但只在非常随意的消息中书写。
| 口语 | 标准形式 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| gonna | going to | I'm gonna call her. |
| wanna | want to | Do you wanna come? |
| gotta | have got to | I've gotta go. |
| ain't | am not / isn't / aren't / haven't | That ain't true. |
| y'all | you all | Y'all are welcome. |
16 秒学会缩写
两张便利贴合成一张，就像缩写中的两个词。点击三个时刻中的任意一个直接跳转。
带字幕。听听母语者如何发 I'm、you're 和 she's 的音。
阅读文字稿
- 缩写用撇号把两个词连在一起。
- I am. I'm.
- 它们在对话中听起来是这样的：
- You're right. She's here. It isn't far.
- 但在肯定的简短回答中，不要缩写：
- Yes, I am.
练习：把每个形式与它的缩写配对
点击一个完整形式，再点击它的缩写（或反过来）。正确的配对会固定下来；如果错了，试试其他组合。注意 won't。
完整形式
缩写
还想要更多？学习路线的最后一站有缩写练习，一切的起点请见to be 动词完整指南。
关于英语缩写的常见问题
什么是英语缩写？
缩写是把两个词合并、用撇号代替一个或多个字母的简短形式：I am → I'm，do not → don't。它们用于口语和非正式文本，意思与完整形式相同。
to be 动词有哪些缩写？
肯定形式：I'm、you're、he's、she's、it's、we're、they're。否定形式：I'm not、isn't 或 's not、aren't 或 're not。过去时只有否定形式可以缩写：wasn't 和 weren't。
什么时候不应该用缩写？
在肯定的简短回答中（Yes, I am），在句末（I know where she is），想要强调时（I AM listening），以及在正式或学术文本中。
英语里 's 是什么意思？
它可以是 is（She's tired）、has（She's finished，后接过去分词）或所有格（Anna's car）。看上下文就能判断：如果后面是过去分词，那就是 has。
will not 的缩写是什么？
Won't。它是不规则的：不说 willn't。例如：I won't be late（我不会迟到）。
考试或电子邮件里可以用缩写吗？
口语中可以，而且会更自然。书面语要看语体：写给朋友的邮件或非正式文章可以用；正式信函、报告或学术文本最好用完整形式。